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Republic of Indonesia abbreviated RI or Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia , which is crossed by the equator and located between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world comprising 13,487 islands , therefore it is also called as the archipelago .

Jakarta is the country's capital . Indonesian overland borders with Malaysia on Borneo island , with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and East Timor on the island of Timor . Other neighboring countries include Singapore , Philippines , Australia , and the union territory Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India .


History of Indonesia has been influenced by other nations . The Indonesian archipelago became an important trade region since at least the 7th century , when the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang religion and trade relations with China and India . Hindu kingdoms and Buddhism has grown in the early centuries AD , followed by the traders who brought Islam , as well as various European powers fought one another to monopolize the spice trade in the Moluccas during the era of ocean exploration . After being under the colonial Dutch , Indonesian , who was named the Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II . Furthermore, Indonesia has received a variety of obstacles , threats and challenges of natural disasters , corruption , separatism , a democratization process , and periods of rapid economic change .


From Sabang to Merauke , Indonesia consists of various ethnic groups , languages ​​and religions . The Javanese are the largest ethnic group with a population reaching 41.7 % of the entire population of the Indonesian national Indonesia.Semboyan , " Unity in Diversity " ( " Different but still one " ) , articulates the diversity that shapes the country . Besides having a dense population and vast territory , Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of biodiversity in the world's second largest .

Indonesia is also a member of the United Nations and the only member to ever come out of the UN , namely on January 7, 1965 , and rejoined on September 28, 1966 and declared as a member of Indonesia remain 60th , the same membership since joining Indonesia on 28 September 1950 . In addition to the United Nations , Indonesia is also a member of the ASEAN , APEC , OIC , G - 20 and will be a member of the OECD .
The early history

Remains of Homo erectus fossils , which by anthropologist was also dubbed the "Java Man " , suggests that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago . Austronesian peoples , who form the majority of the modern population , migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan . They arrived around 2000 BC , and caused existing Melanesians there first pressed into distant regions in the eastern archipelago . Conditions ideal place for agriculture , and control of rice cultivation since at least the 8th century BC , causing many villages , towns , and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD . In addition, Indonesia is located in the international sea trade lanes and between the islands, cruise lines have become between India and China for centuries .. Indonesia's history has subsequently experienced a lot of the influence of the trading activity .
Since the 1st century Indonesian trading vessel had sailed away , even to Africa . A part of the relief ship at Borobudur temple , k . 800 M.

Under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism , several kingdoms formed on the islands of Borneo , Sumatra , and Java since the 4th century to the 14th century . Kutai , is the oldest kingdom in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the upper Mahakam River , East Kalimantan . In the western region of the island of Java , in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanegara kingdom . Government Tarumanagara followed by Sundanese kingdom of the year 669 AD to 1579 AD In the 7th century appear Malay kingdom centered in Jambi , Sumatra . Beat Malay Srivijaya maritime empire and emerged as the most powerful in the nation. He ruled over Sumatra , Java , the Malay peninsula , while controlling the trade in the Strait of Malacca , the Sunda Strait , and the South China Sea . Under the influence of Srivijaya , between the 8th century and 10th dynasty Sailendra and Sanjaya kingdoms succeeded in developing a Java -based agriculture , with its historic relics such as Borobudur and Prambanan temples . At the end of the 13th century , the Majapahit stands in the eastern part of the island of Java . Under the leadership of Mahapatih Gajah Mada , its influence stretched over much of Indonesia today , and often called the " Golden Age" in Indonesian history .

The arrival of Arab traders and Persian through Gujarat , India , and brought Islam . Besides Chinese sailors led by Admiral Cheng Ho ( Zheng He ) Muslim , also never stop in this region in the early 15th century . The merchants also spread Islam in several parts of the archipelago . Samudera Pasai , established in 1267 , is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia .

colonialism

Indonesia is also a country that was colonized by many European and Asian countries , it caused Indonesia since ancient times is a country rich in abundant natural result , to make the European countries intend tempted to colonize and dominate its natural resources for income for the country , countries that once colonized them are ;

Portuguese in 1509 , only the Moluccas , and successfully expelled in the 1595
Spain in 1521 , only North Sulawesi , but were repulsed by the year 1692.
Netherlands in 1602 , the whole of Indonesia .

French indirect control of Java in the period 1806-1811 for the Kingdom of the Netherlands subject to the power of France . When Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Louis Bonaparte to the throne Netherlands in 1806 , it will automatically fall into the hands of the Dutch colony of France . This period took place in the reign of Governor General Herman Willem Daendels in 1808 to 1811 . Ended in 1811 when the British defeated the French - Dutch force in Java .

England in 1811 , since the signing of the capitulation Tungtang one of which contains the delivery of Java from the Netherlands to England , In 1814 the London Convention which it was undertaken Dutch government returned to power over the British colonies in Indonesia . And new in 1816 , the British government officially ended in Indonesia ..

Japan in 1942 , only 3.5 years , and ended in 1945 , since the defeat of Japan to the Allies .

When the Europeans arrived in the early 16th century , they found several kingdoms that they can easily be mastered in order to dominate the spice trade . Portuguese first landed at two ports , namely the Kingdom of Sunda Banten and Sunda Kelapa , but can be driven out and moved to the east and mastering the Moluccas . In the 17th century , the Dutch emerged as the strongest among the other European countries , the United Kingdom and Portugal beat ( except for their colony , Portuguese Timor ) . In the period that Christianity came to Indonesia as one of the old imperialism mission known as 3G , that is Gold , Glory , and Gospel . [ 22 ] Dutch controlled Indonesia as a colony until World War II , initially through the VOC , and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century .

Johannes van den Bosch , the originator Cultuurstelsel .
Under Cultuurstelsel system ( System Board ) in the 19th century , large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java , ultimately generating profits for the Dutch VOC that can not be generated . During the colonial rule more freely after 1870 , the system was abolished . After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy , which include limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies .

During World War II , when the Dutch colonized by Germany , Japan control of Indonesia . After getting Indonesia in 1942 , Japan saw that a fellow Indonesian fighters trade cooperative and willing to deploy troops if necessary . Sukarno , Mohammad Hatta , KH . Mas Mansur , and Ki Hajar Dewantara been honored by the Emperor of Japan in 1943 .

Indonesia's independence

Soekarno - Hatta , the president and first vice president of Indonesia .
In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence . After the Pacific war ended in 1945 , under pressure from youth organizations , Soekarno - Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on August 17, 1945 which at the time was the month of Ramadan . After independence , the three founding fathers Sukarno , Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir each served as president , vice president , and prime minister . In an effort to recapture Indonesia , the Dutch sent their men .

Bloody efforts to quell the independence movement was then known by the Dutch as a ' police action ' ( Politionele Actie ) , or known by the people of Indonesia as a military aggression . Netherlands finally received the right for Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia after strong pressure from the international community , especially the United States . Integral Natsir motions on August 17, 1950 , calling for the return of the unitary Republic of Indonesia and the United States of Indonesia disband . Sukarno became president again with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and prime minister Mohammad Natsir .

In the 1950s and 1960s , Sukarno government began to follow once pioneered the non -aligned movement at first , then becomes closer to the socialist bloc , for example, the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia . The 1960s witnessed the military confrontation against neighboring countries , Malaysia ( " Confrontation " ) , and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties . Erupted in 1965 G30S incident that caused the death of 6 people and a number of general officers other medium . It comes new strength that calls itself New Order immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brains behind this incident and intends to overthrow the legitimate government and replace national ideology be based on the socialist - communist . This charge as well as a reason to replace the old government under President Sukarno .

Hatta , Sukarno , and Sjahrir , the three founders in Indonesia.

General Suharto became president in 1967 on the pretext of securing the country from the threat of communism . While the physical condition weakened Sukarno himself . After Suharto's rule , hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected communist party killed , while many more Indonesian citizens who are residing overseas , did not dare return to the homeland , and eventually revoked his citizenship . Thirty- two -year reign of Suharto 's New Order called , while the reign of Sukarno called Old Order .

Suharto implement neoliberal economic and successfully bring huge foreign investment to enter Indonesia and generate substantial economic growth , though uneven . At the beginning of the New Order regime of Indonesia both economic policy economists compiled by a group of graduates of the Department of Economics, University of California , Berkeley , who was called " Berkeley Mafia " , however , Suharto and his family add to his wealth through corruption, collusion , and nepotism are widespread and he was eventually forced to step down from office after massive demonstrations and deteriorating economic conditions in 1998 .

From 1998 to 2001 , Indonesia has had three presidents : Bacharuddin Jusuf ( BJ ) Habibie , Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri . In 2004 elections in the world 's largest one-day held and was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono .

Indonesia is experiencing economic problems , political and religious strife in the country nuanced , and some areas are trying to gain independence , especially Papua . East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years of unity with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration of East Timor into the country .

In December 2004 and March 2005 , Aceh and Nias was hit by two major earthquakes which in total killed hundreds of thousands of lives . ( See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Sumatra earthquake of March 2005 . ) This incident was followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and surrounding areas , as well as mud flood in Sidoarjo in 2006 are not being solved .